12 results
Genotype rather than non-genetic behavioural transmission determines the temperament of Merino lambs
- S Bickell, P Poindron, R Nowak, A Chadwick, D Ferguson, D Blache
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- Journal:
- Animal Welfare / Volume 18 / Issue 4 / November 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2023, pp. 459-466
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Merino ewes have been selected, over 18 generations, for calm (C) or nervous (N) temperament using using an arena test and an isolation box test. We investigated the relative contributions of genotype versus the post-partum behaviour of the dam on the temperament of the lambs using a cross-fostering procedure. Forty-eight multiparous calm and 52 nervous ewes were artificially inseminated with the semen of a sire of the same temperament. At birth, 32 lambs of a given temperament line were cross fostered to ewes from the other line (16 N × C, 16 C × N), 34 lambs were cross fostered to ewes from the same line (15 C × C, 19 N × N) and 30 lambs were left with their birth mother (15 C, 15 N), to control for the effect of cross fostering. The temperament of the progeny was assessed at two occasions, one week after birth by measuring locomotor activity during an open-field test and at weaning (16 weeks) by measuring locomotor activity during an arena test and agitation score measured during an isolation box test. There was a genotype effect but no maternal or fostering effect on the lamb temperament at one week. This may be because the maternal behaviour of the foster ewes did not differ considerably between the calm and nervous mothers during adoption or within the first week, post partum. Similarly, at weaning, only a genotype effect was found on the locomotor and agitation score. Therefore, it appears that temperament in Merino sheep is mainly determined by the genetic transmission of the trait across generations rather than behaviours learned from the mother.
Dating fluvial terraces by 230Th/U on pedogenic carbonate, Wind River Basin, Wyoming
- Warren D. Sharp, Kenneth R. Ludwig, Oliver A. Chadwick, Ronald Amundson, Laura L. Glaser
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 59 / Issue 2 / March 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 139-150
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Reliable and precise ages of Quaternary pedogenic carbonate can be obtained with 230Th/U dating by thermal ionization mass spectrometry applied to carefully selected milligram-size samples. Datable carbonate can form within a few thousand years of surface stabilization allowing ages of Quaternary deposits and surfaces to be closely estimated. Pedogenic carbonate clast-rinds from gravels of glacio-fluvial terraces in the Wind River Basin have median concentrations of 14 ppm U and 0.07 ppm 232Th, with median (230Th/232Th) = 270, making them well suited for 230Th/U dating. Horizons as thin as 0.5 mm were sampled from polished slabs to reduce averaging of long (≥105 yr), and sometimes visibly discontinuous, depositional histories. Dense, translucent samples with finite 230Th/U ages preserve within-rind stratigraphic order in all cases. Ages for terraces WR4 (167,000 ± 6,400 yr) and WR2 (55,000 ± 8600 yr) indicate a mean incision rate of 0.26 ± 0.05 m per thousand years for the Wind River over the past glacial cycle, slower than inferred from cosmogenic-nuclide dating. Terrace WR3, which formed penecontemporaneously with the final maximum glacial advance of the penultimate Rocky Mountain (Bull Lake) glaciation, has an age of 150,000 ± 8300 yr indicating that it is broadly synchronous with the penultimate global ice volume maximum.
Quantifying N2O emissions from intensive grassland production: the role of synthetic fertilizer type, application rate, timing and nitrification inhibitors
- M. J. BELL, J. M. CLOY, C. F. E. TOPP, B. C. BALL, A. BAGNALL, R. M. REES, D. R. CHADWICK
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 154 / Issue 5 / July 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 January 2016, pp. 812-827
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Increasing recognition of the extent to which nitrous oxide (N2O) contributes to climate change has resulted in greater demand to improve quantification of N2O emissions, identify emission sources and suggest mitigation options. Agriculture is by far the largest source and grasslands, occupying c. 0·22 of European agricultural land, are a major land-use within this sector. The application of mineral fertilizers to optimize pasture yields is a major source of N2O and with increasing pressure to increase agricultural productivity, options to quantify and reduce emissions whilst maintaining sufficient grassland for a given intensity of production are required. Identification of the source and extent of emissions will help to improve reporting in national inventories, with the most common approach using the IPCC emission factor (EF) default, where 0·01 of added nitrogen fertilizer is assumed to be emitted directly as N2O. The current experiment aimed to establish the suitability of applying this EF to fertilized Scottish grasslands and to identify variation in the EF depending on the application rate of ammonium nitrate (AN). Mitigation options to reduce N2O emissions were also investigated, including the use of urea fertilizer in place of AN, addition of a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and application of AN in smaller, more frequent doses. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured from a cut grassland in south-west Scotland from March 2011 to March 2012. Grass yield was also measured to establish the impact of mitigation options on grass production, along with soil and environmental variables to improve understanding of the controls on N2O emissions. A monotonic increase in annual cumulative N2O emissions was observed with increasing AN application rate. Emission factors ranging from 1·06–1·34% were measured for AN application rates between 80 and 320 kg N/ha, with a mean of 1·19%. A lack of any significant difference between these EFs indicates that use of a uniform EF is suitable over these application rates. The mean EF of 1·19% exceeds the IPCC default 1%, suggesting that use of the default value may underestimate emissions of AN-fertilizer-induced N2O loss from Scottish grasslands. The increase in emissions beyond an application rate of 320 kg N/ha produced an EF of 1·74%, significantly different to that from lower application rates and much greater than the 1% default. An EF of 0·89% for urea fertilizer and 0·59% for urea with DCD suggests that N2O quantification using the IPCC default EF will overestimate emissions for grasslands where these fertilizers are applied. Large rainfall shortly after fertilizer application appears to be the main trigger for N2O emissions, thus applicability of the 1% EF could vary and depend on the weather conditions at the time of fertilizer application.
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
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- 05 May 2014
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- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael E. Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert H. Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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Impact of hydrology and effluent quality on the management of woodchip pads for overwintering cattle. II. Effluent analysis and nutrient balance
- D. R. JACKSON, D. R. CHADWICK, M. CROOKES, E. SAGOO, K. A. SMITH
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 151 / Issue 2 / April 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 April 2012, pp. 279-286
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Woodchip pads can be a sustainable alternative to the overwintering of stock on grassland or in conventional housing and can offer benefits in improved animal performance, improved health and environmentally sustainable options for the management of the effluent resulting from the animal excreta (dung, urine and rainfall over the pad). Detailed observations were made on effluent flow and quality from woodchip pads on two commercial farms in the UK, one in Powys (Wales) and the other in Leicestershire (England), over a period of 8 months in 2009/10. Flow data and hydrological characteristics, reported in the companion to the current paper (Jackson & Smith 2012), were combined with the results of effluent sample and soiled woodchip analyses, together with records of animal numbers and activity on the pads, to calculate nutrient fluxes and nutrient balances across the pad for defined periods. Nutrient balances showed that, of the estimated nutrient inputs in animal excreta deposited on the pad, only 0·05–0·10 of the N and P were contained in the effluent draining from the pad, with the rest (>0·90 of N and P inputs) retained in the solids accumulating in the surface layers of soiled woodchip, ‘spent timber residues’ (STR). The STR was similar in analysis to straw-based farmyard manure (FYM), high in organic N, and land spreading of this material should be managed in a similar way to FYM. It also appears suitable for application to grassland, except when based on coarse woodchips. These results confirm the hypothesis that the effluent draining from the pads should be considered as consistently similar to dirty water rather than slurry, as in the current rules associated with Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in England and Wales.
Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa XIV.—Very-low-volume aerosols of dieldrin and isobenzan for the control of Glossina morsitans Westw
- G. F. Burnett, P. R. Chadwick, A. W. D. Miller, J. S. S. Beesley
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 55 / Issue 3 / December 1964
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 527-539
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Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in 1962–63 at Chungai, in central Tanganyika, to test new equipment for disseminating insecticides from aircraft and a new insecticide, isobenzan (Telodrin), in the eradication of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. The new equipment consisted of an aerosol generator fitted to the exhaust of a Cessna 182E high-wing monoplane, and was used in both experiments. The isobenzan was compared with dieldrin, and the two insecticides were applied at rates inversely proportional to their toxicities to G. morsitans as previously determined in the laboratory.
Two blocks of woodland, each 11 sq. miles in area, were treated, one with a 12·3 per cent, solution of dieldrin at the rate of 0·0254 gal. per acre, giving a dosage of 0·5 oz. (14 g.) toxicant per acre, and the other with a 10 per cent, solution of isobenzan at the rate of 0·0124 gal. per acre, giving a dosage of 0·2 oz. (6 g.) per acre. The former block received eight treatments with dieldrin at approximately 3-week intervals, the fourth treatment being incomplete; the latter block received six treatments with isobenzan at intervals ranging from 20 to 45 days. The effects were assessed by means of fly-catches along fixed paths which continued for one year after treatments had ceased.
Both species of tsetse fly disappeared from the two blocks before the final treatments took place, and no more were caught until 11 months after spraying ended, when one example of G. morsitans was caught in each block; both were probably immigrants. None was found in the following month, and it is concluded that the flies were exterminated in both blocks. The fact that the blocks were unusually well isolated from sources of reinfestation probably contributed to the success of the operations.
The cost per sq. mile was £224 using dieldrin and £190 using isobenzan. These were the basic costs, independent of the locality in which spraying took place. Additional costs were incurred which would vary with local conditions; for the present experiments they were £34 and £30, respectively. It is considered that there is good scope for further reductions in costs, particularly with dieldrin, and that these might make dieldrin economically competitive with isobenzan. Owing to the low fly density in the block treated with isobenzan, the efficacy of this insecticide cannot be regarded as conclusively proved until further experiments have been carried out. It may then merit serious consideration as a toxicant for aerial spraying against tsetse flies.
Basement–cover relationships in the Shaftesbury area of the Wessex Basin, southern England
- D. J. Evans, R. A. Chadwick
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 131 / Issue 3 / May 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 387-394
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In the northwestern part of the Wessex Basin of southern England, interpretation of seismic reflection and recently released borehole data provides detailed information of the major unconformity at the base of the sedimentary-fill. Seismic mapping of the top of Variscan basement reveals a concealed, faulted, dome-like Palaeozoic basement culmination or structural ‘high’ lying within the larger Cranborne–Fordingbridge High, southwest of Shaftesbury. This structure profoundly affected the deposition of the overlying Permo-Triassic sequence. The culmination, composed of Carboniferous Limestone, lies to the south of northwards-throwing, basement-controlled, syn-sedimentary faults which form the southern margin of the Mere Basin. In this area, the main phase of faulting occurred during Permo-Triassic times with little or no faulting during the Jurassic. Triassic strata onlap the basement culmination which was overstepped and finally submerged in late Triassic times. The structure has much in common with the basement ‘highs’ at Bruton and in the Mendips and provides further evidence for the existence of such features close to the main lines of Mesozoic faulting within the Wessex Basin. It is considered that differential subsidence related to syn-depositional normal faulting was the dominant factor controlling development of the highs. The simple infilling of a pre-existing post-orogenic topography played a minor role.
Nitrogen transformations and ammonia loss following injection and surface application of pig slurry: a laboratory experiment using slurry labelled with 15N-ammonium
- D. R. CHADWICK, J. MARTINEZ, C. MAROL, F. BÉLINE
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 136 / Issue 2 / March 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2001, pp. 231-240
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A laboratory experiment was designed to determine the fate of 15N-labelled slurry ammonium (15NH4-N) and compare soil inorganic-N distribution following surface applied or injected pig slurry. A system of cylindrical volatilization chambers equipped to allow continuous trapping of ammonia (NH3) was used. Undisturbed soil columns were placed in the chambers prior to the application of slurry. A nitrogen balance including soil, air and plant analysis was established for both treatments, 8 days after application. Average cumulative emissions of NH3 were 15% and 11% of the total ammoniacal-N added with the surface and injected treatments, respectively. After 8 days 55% of the 15NH4-N applied through slurry injection was recovered in the soil inorganic-N pool: 37% as 15NH4-N and 18% as 15NO3-N. These figures compare with only 25% 15NH4-N recovered with the surface applied slurry treatment: 7% as 15NH-N and 17% as 15NO3-N. Immobilization into soil organic-N accounted for 8% of the 15NH4-N applied for the injected treatment and 6% of the surface applied slurry-15N. 15N uptake by the grass was 2% and 7% for the injected and surface applied treatments, respectively. The percentage of added 15N accounted for was 76% for the injected treatment and 53% for the surface applied slurry treatment.
Plant uptake of nitrogen from the organic nitrogen fraction of animal manures: a laboratory experiment
- D. R. CHADWICK, F. JOHN, B. F. PAIN, B. J. CHAMBERS, J. WILLIAMS
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 134 / Issue 2 / March 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2000, pp. 159-168
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Twenty slurries, 20 farmyard manures (FYM) and 10 poultry manures were chemically analysed to characterize their nitrogen (N) fractions and to assess their potential organic N supply. The organic N fraction varied between manure types and represented from 14% to 99% of the total N content. The readily mineralizable N fraction, measured by refluxing with KCl, was largest in the pig FYMs and broiler litters, but on average only represented 7–8% of the total N content. A pot experiment was undertaken to measure N mineralization from the organic N fraction of 17 of these manures. The ammonium-N content of the manures was removed and the remaining organic N mixed with a low mineral N status sandy soil, which was sown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). N offtake was used as a measure of mineralization throughout the 199 day experiment. The greatest N mineralization was measured from a layer manure and a pig slurry, where N offtake represented 56% and 37% of the organic N added, respectively. Lowest (%) N mineralization was measured from a dairy cow slurry (< 2%) and a beef FYM (6%). The mineralization rate was negatively related to the C[ratio ]organic N ratio of the ammonium-N stripped manures (P < 0·01, r = −0·63).
Dietary manipulation as a means of decreasing N losses and methane emissions and improving herbage N uptake following application of pig slurry to grassland
- T. H. MISSELBROOK, D. R. CHADWICK, B. F. PAIN, D. M. HEADON
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 130 / Issue 2 / March 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 1998, pp. 183-191
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Slurry was collected from two groups of finishing pigs fed either a standard commercial diet (containing 205 g/kg crude protein (CP)) or a specially formulated lower CP content diet (140 g/kg CP). The slurries were surface applied to grass/clover plots on a freely draining soil in SW England in mid-March 1995 at three application rates: 25, 50 and 70 m3/ha. Measurements were made from the 50 m3/ha plots of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, nitrous oxide and methane emissions and nitrate leaching. Measurements of herbage yield and apparent N recovery (ANR) were made from all plots. Decreasing the CP content of the pigs' diet reduced N excretion by the pigs and also changed other characteristics of the slurry. Slurry from pigs fed the lower CP diet (the slurry referred to hereafter as LS) had a higher dry matter (DM) content, lower pH, lower total ammoniacal N (TAN), total N and VFA content with a similar total C content compared with slurry from pigs fed the standard commercial diet (the slurry hereafter referred to as CS). From the 50 m3/ha treated plots, losses by ammonia volatilization represented 38 and 58% of the applied TAN and net losses through denitrification represented 5·3 and 12% of the applied TAN for LS and CS respectively. Nitrous oxide emission was similar from the two slurries, with net emissions of c. 0·5% of the applied TAN. Methane emission was significantly less from LS. No nitrate leaching was detected either in spring or in the following autumn. Yield and ANR increased with increasing slurry application rate up to 50 m3/ha. The best% N recovery was from the 50 m3/ha application rate with 58 and 47% of the applied TAN being recovered from LS- and CS-treated plots respectively. Changes in the slurry characteristics due to the lower CP diet resulted in lower losses to the environment and an improved utilization of the slurry N by the herbage.
Laser Ablation Synthesis of Ceramic Powders
- W. G. Fahrenholtz, S. R. Foltyn, K. C. Ott, M. Chadwick, D. M. Smith
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 201 / 1990
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- 26 February 2011, 489
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- 1990
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A pulsed excimer laser was used to ablate aluminum metal into an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The resulting fine powder was collected on a 0.1 μm filter and analyzed to determine structure and composition. Using a combination of TEM, EELS, and thermal analysis techniques, the product was found to be amorphous aluminum oxide, Al2O3. The morphology of the powders was investigated using SEM, TEM, and surface area measurements. The resulting powder was crystallized and examined by x-ray diffraction.